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Stress can be a challenge for anyone, but it can be doubly difficult for people with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or fibromyalgia. First, chronic illness adds new stressors to the common challenges of everyday life. The new stresses include the discomfort of symptoms, isolation, financial pressure, strained relationships and uncertainty about the future.

Second, CFS and fibromyalgia are very stress-sensitive illnesses. They reset our "stress thermostat," so that the effects of a given level of stress are greater than they would be for a healthy person. In summary, your stresses are multiplied because you are ill, and you are more vulnerable to the effects of stress.

But stress, like other aspects of our illnesses, can be managed. By using stress management techniques such as those described in this chapter, you can learn how to interrupt the cycle in which symptoms and stress reinforce one another.

Managing Stress: Two Approaches

In responding to stress, there are two major approaches that may be helpful: stress reduction and stress avoidance. The first involves retraining yourself, learning how to respond differently to stressors so that they do not have the same effect as in the past. The second approach is preventive, taking measures to avoid stressful circumstances.

Because stress is so pervasive in chronic illness, I recommend you consider using several techniques to combat it. Here's how three students in our program responded when asked how they control stress.

I do a variety of things to manage stress, such as deep breathing, listening to relaxation tapes, getting regular massages, walking with my dog, and writing in my journal.

The ways I try to handle stress are: meditating daily, scheduling a regular time [to go to] bed each night, keeping our home an emotionally welcoming place for my husband, engaging in pleasurable activities, and avoiding unwanted situations [that] drain my energy.

For stress reduction I use stretching and yoga; relaxing activities like time in our hot-tub or in the swing in the back yard; spiritually enhancing activities such as prayer and Bible study; and fun activities both mental [and] physical, like reading, movies, playing with the grandchildren, playing with the dog, and spending quality time with my husband.

Students in our groups take a broad approach to stress and stress management. For example, they may describe a change in their work situation as a stress reduction measure. These changes have included switching from full-time to part-time work, moving to a less demanding job, working from home, adopting a flexible schedule, and taking early retirement.

They also list pacing strategies such as cutting back on activities, learning to say "no," taking daily rests and using routine. Other techniques include de-cluttering (for example, reorganizing the kitchen or discarding unused possessions), limiting exposure to the media, limiting contact with some people, avoiding crowds, getting help with household chores and making mental adjustments (such as letting go of outdated expectations).

In summary, they try to identify sources of stress in their lives and then to develop strategies to reduce or eliminate the stress.

Stress Reduction

Often, how we view and react to a stressor determines how much stress we experience. For example, if you worry in response to an increase in symptoms, you may tense your muscles. Muscle tension can create pain, draining energy and causing fatigue. By learning to relax, you can lessen muscle tension and ease symptoms.

This is one example of how to reduce the impact of stressors by changing your response. The discussion below describes seven different ways to reduce stress.

Relaxation

When we become stressed in the face of challenge, we often respond with a fight-or-flight reaction. Adrenaline flows, and we feel charged up. If the challenge is brief, the initial reaction is followed by relaxation. If, however, you feel yourself to be under constant threat, as you may if you are always in pain, your body stays in a state of tension. By letting go, using relaxation, you counteract the effects of the fight-or-flight response.

Physically relaxing activities counteract both the physical and the emotional aspects of stress. Through relaxation, you can reduce both muscle tension and anxiety. Relaxation is also very helpful for pain control. Combining rest with a relaxation procedure or meditation can be an even more effective means of stress reduction.

You will find step-by-step instructions for several relaxation procedures later in the chapter, in the section called "Relaxation Techniques," but other, less formal approaches can help, too. These include exercise, attentiveness to breathing, baths and hot tubs, massage and acupuncture, rest and listening to relaxation tapes.

For stress reduction I use deep relaxation through therapeutic massage and healing bodywork, long soaks in a hot tub or steam room, exercise/movement such as long, deep yoga stretches, and Tai Chi. Sometimes something more vigorous for a short period of time works best, like a brisk walk or jumping on my mini-trampoline.

I find that using slow-breathing techniques helps reduce my stress. If I find that I am running late for an appointment, I make myself slow down and take deep breaths to reduce stress that I am feeling. I tell myself it is o.k. if I am late, the doctor will still be there, and 9 times out of 10, he is running behind himself.

Problem Solving

Taking practical steps to improve your situation can also help reduce anxiety and worry. A member of one of our groups provided a good example. She suffered from frequent, severe brain fog and reported that she had gone to the emergency room after taking her medications three times in one day.

When she got home, she was worried that brain fog might lead her to make the same mistake again. She asked the group for suggestions. Several members of the class responded with ideas for how she could keep track of her medications.

The patient wrote a few days later to say that she had bought a pill box with compartments for each day of the week and that she was much less worried about repeating her mistake because she had a system she trusted.

Here's what some other students have said about problem solving.
 

I try to work out a practical plan for the things that are bugging me that I feel I can change. Sometimes the problems seem overwhelming, but the advice of tackling one thing at a time really works.

I have spent quite a bit of time analyzing my activities, everything from how long I stayed somewhere to ways to minimize pain in doing chores. From this analysis, I have tried many different props that have proved to be very helpful, such as a book holder for the newspaper.

Positive Experiences

Doing things that are enjoyable is a stress reducer. Positive experiences counteract the thought that illness means only suffering. Also, pleasurable activities lower the frustration of being ill while distracting you from your symptoms. Here are some quotes that attest to the healing power of enjoyable activities.

When I was first sick, I had a lot of guilt about not being a productive individual and thought I did not deserve any fun. Later I thought that because my stress was big, the stress reliever had to be big too. What I finally learned was that fun was really key to helping me reduce my stress and that fun can come in many ways, big or small.

Planning positive experiences helps reduce my stress. Outings with my husband and children, watching a favorite TV show at night, and taking overnight trips to nearby towns or state parks [are] particularly stress relieving.

Enjoyable activities are so very important to me to show me that I can have a good life even though I have CFS, things like hobbies, outings with a friend, having a friend over or shopping.

Here are seven types of positive experiences, all of which can help lower stress.

1. Pleasurable Activities. Doing things that bring you pleasure can distract you from stress and reduce preoccupation with problems. Examples include seeing a movie, spending time in nature, listening to or playing music and reading.

2. Exercise and Movement. Exercise is a natural stress reducer, since it causes your body to produce endorphins and other soothing body chemicals. A similar effect can be obtained through other forms of movement. If you are worried, just getting up and moving around can help break the spell.

As Edward Hallowell says, "If you think of ‘the worried look,' it is usually found on a person who is at rest and immobile.... Motion can melt the worry." Exercise does not work for everyone with our illnesses but, as noted in Chapter 12, it is usually helpful for people with fibromyalgia and may be helpful for people with CFS.

3. Journaling. Writing may be useful as a stress reducer. You might find it helpful to write out what's bothering you as a way of venting frustration and lessening worry, as indicated in the quotes below.

Journaling has been very helpful to me because by simply writing about what is bothering me I am usually able to let it go instead of worrying about it.

The thing that has worked best for me is to record the things that are stressing me in a stress journal. It seems that identifying them and putting them in writing, not only helps the stress level, but by identifying them I am able to pinpoint the problem. This keeps the churning worries in my mind to a minimum.

Another use of journaling is to help you change perspective on your life. Some students have told us they found it very helpful to keep a journal in which they note positive events every day. Over time, they found that their mental attitude toward their illness and their life changed in a positive direction. A model for the gratitude journal can be found in Sarah Ban Breathnach's book Simple Abundance Journal of Gratitude.

4. Talking and Being Listened To. It is not surprising that, in a survey, talking to a friend was rated as the number one way to combat worry. Talking to someone you trust provides reassurance and connectedness to dispel worry. According to Edward Hallowell, studies have shown that talking to another person changes what is happening in your brain at a physical level.

5. Music, the Arts and Other Absorbing Activities. Listening to or playing music or engaging in other artistic pursuits are good stress reducers. The same can be said of reading a good book or seeing an engrossing movie. The key is to find an activity in which you can become absorbed. By immersing yourself, you interrupt the worry cycle, distract yourself from symptoms and experience some relaxing pleasure.

I have re-awakened a life-long interest in artistic pursuits. Earlier in my life, I liked music, then needle crafts, now it is calligraphy and rubber stamping, in which I find a tremendous amount of pleasure and comfort.

6. Laughter and Humor. This is another good stress reducer. Watching a funny movie or laughing with friends can be a great release. Like exercise, laughter promotes the production of endorphins. Research suggests that it can strengthen the immune system, counteract depression and even provide a substitute for aerobic exercise. Short periods of laughter can double your heart rate for three to five minutes. A natural tension reducer, laughter produces relaxation for up to 45 minutes.

7. Solitude. For some people, just having time alone can be helpful.

I find that taking a walk helps if I can get outside and be alone to do it. If I can't, lying down in my bedroom which is very soothing (sage green walls, wood floors, candles lit) can also be great. I am an avid reader, so reading some fiction for pleasure helps me relax.

I spend much of my time in quiet, relaxing activities such as TV, reading, needlework, etc. If I have a day that does not allow me to participate in these activities to some minimal extent, I find myself extremely tense, stressed out and emotional.

Mental Adjustments

Your thoughts can be another source of stress. For example, you may have unrealistic expectations for yourself. Even if you have a small energy envelope, you may think that, as a "good mother" or "good wife," you should keep the house as you did before becoming ill.

If that's the case, you can reduce suffering by changing your expectations. As one person in our program said, "I am learning to recognize that in the long run it doesn't really matter if my floors aren't spotless or the laundry doesn't get done on Saturday."

Becoming aware of and changing the standards you have for yourself reduces stress and helps you avoid overdoing. It may also help to change your expectations about how others view you.

I let go of expecting people to respond to me the way I think they ‘should'. For example, I let go of expecting that people will understand my disease. So with no expectations, I [feel] less resentment, which leads to less stress in life.

Another area for mental adjustment concerns the thoughts generated when bad things occur. For example, an increase in symptoms may trigger thoughts like "I'm not getting anywhere," "I'll never get better" or "It's hopeless." Negative thoughts like these can then make you feel anxious, sad, angry and helpless.

The thoughts and the stress they create may make your symptoms worse and trigger another round of negative thoughts. The cycle can be very demoralizing, leading you to an overly pessimistic view of your situation and making it difficult to motivate yourself to do things to feel better. But you can learn how to recognize and change habitual negative thoughts to be more realistic and more positive. See the section "Changing Your Thinking," at the end of this chapter.

Assertiveness

Speaking up for yourself is a stress reducer. One part of assertiveness is setting limits with others. Teach your family and friends to respect your need for rest times. Make clear your limits, such as how long you'll talk on the phone or how much time you will spend at a party. Explain that there are some things, such as lifting heavy objects or staying out late, that you can no longer do.

By saying "no," you avoid doing things that would intensify your symptoms. Also, learn to delegate and ask for help. Others often feel as helpless as you about your illness. Asking them to help you in some specific way enables them to replace a sense of helplessness with a feeling of accomplishment.

I have stopped trying to be everyone's friend and do whatever people need from me. I have now a few, close friends who I can count on and who count on me.

Support

Being ill is both inherently stressful and isolating. Having people in your life who understand and respect you is a balm to the soul. Just being listened to and feeling connected to others is healing. Beyond that, talking to another person may help you clarify your situation or the response you receive may enable you to see your life in a different, more constructive way.

You may receive such support from family members, friends, fellow patients or therapists. Support also means practical assistance, which might include such things as shopping, cooking, bill paying or housecleaning. See Chapter 15 for more ideas on creating a support system.

Medications

Prescription medications can be helpful as part of a stress management program. Here's what one student said:
 

I've been on Zoloft for over two years. I resisted the idea for a long time, and now kick myself for having done so. It has helped level off my reactions to everyday stress and evened out my mood. Medications are not for everyone, but I've learned to keep my mind open to treating all aspects of my life and not relying on solely one approach.

Stress Avoidance

Stress avoidance is preventive, using self-observation to learn how stress affects you and then taking measures to avoid stressful circumstances. For example, you may notice that when you hit a limit, any further activity will intensify your symptoms.

In such circumstances, rest can reduce the stress on your body. Planned rest can be an effective stress avoidance strategy. Having good relationships are a buffer against stress. People with supportive relationships have lower anxiety and depression.

Overall, the idea is to avoid generating a stress response by avoiding stressful situations. Fewer stress hormones means more time for your body to repair itself. The main ways that people in our groups prevent stress are by avoiding stress triggers and by using routine or scheduling.

Avoiding Stress Triggers

We may have particular circumstances in our lives that set us off. If we can identify these stress triggers, we may be able to avoid them or reduce their impact. I suggest you think of triggers in three categories: people, substances and situations.

Some patients find interactions with particular people are the cause of disabling stress. Responses they have made include talking with the person, limiting contact, getting professional help, and ending the relation.

I gave up on several difficult relationships. I was amazed at how great I felt and also how those people never even tried to resurrect the relationship. Guess I wasn't as indispensable as I thought!

I have cut people out of my life that only irritate or don't support me. It was a hard thing to do but has made a big difference in how I feel, especially about myself.

I have managed to get rid of some toxic relationships, people who talked all the time, were very scattered and unfocused, and not on the path of self-discovery. It took me a while to recognize that these types of relationships were causing me so much stress.

Food, chemicals and other substances can trigger symptoms. By identifying and avoiding specific foods or other substances you may be able to avoid relapses. For more, see Chapter 12.

I avoid eating foods that I am allergic or intolerant to and stay out of smoke-filled rooms.

Eliminating or at least restricting aspartame and other sweeteners, MSG, and caffeine has helped to keep me more even-keeled.

In terms of situations, if you are particularly sensitive to light, noise or crowds, or experience sensory overload in other ways, avoiding those situations can help you control symptoms. Perhaps you can have people visit you, rather than going out. Or you could visit restaurants and movie theaters during off-peak hours. Many patients are selective about their exposure to television and movies, avoiding material that is emotionally arousing and shows with rapid scene changes.

Awareness and acceptance of my limits has helped me to avoid certain situations that are stressful, such as being with large groups of people or spending too much time in a store with bright fluorescent lighting.

To avoid stress I try to avoid situations that cause me stress. I only drive when I have to. I avoid crowds. I try to avoid arguing with people to whom I am close.

Scheduling and Routine

Novelty is another source of stress. It takes more energy to respond to a new situation than it does to something familiar. Given our limited energy, saving it for healing is desirable. One way to do that is through making your life predictable. Some patients have done that through routine: living their lives according to a schedule.

They have been able to reduce the surprises and emotional shocks in their lives, and thereby reduce their stress. By knowing what to expect, they have reduced pressures on themselves. Any steps that increase predictability are likely to lower stress.
 

Up until two years ago my life had little routine in it and the result was frequent, lengthy crashes. My life was one big roller coaster. Now that I have a regular schedule, I can plan much better. Routine may sound boring, but it's a must for me.

Having a regular routine has been very useful, because having a predictable life has been the most effective way for me to reduce stress. A life with few surprises has reduced the pressure on me and given my body more time to heal.

Many of the strategies described in the chapter on pacing are also effective stress reducers. Scheduling activity based on priorities, taking regular rests, timing activity for the best hours of the day, and staying within known limits all help control stress.

I have a fairly routine lifestyle, with specific activities sprinkled throughout the week, both health-related and fun, giving me plenty of time to rest and relax at home, but also leaving me time for socializing.

I plan activities that will take more energy (physical, emotional, or mental) during my good times of day.

I found that I could avoid much stress by knowing my limits. Planning too many activities in one day or scheduling them too close together are big stress triggers, so I try to prevent their activation by limiting the number of activities in a day and by giving myself plenty of time in between two activities.

Relaxation Techniques

The procedures described in this section illustrate several different approaches to relaxation. They are useful both for stress reduction and for managing pain. Because everyone is different, some techniques work well for one person and other techniques work better for another.

In particular, techniques using imagery seem very helpful to some people, but not useful to others. Try several techniques to see what works for you. Also, you may find that a particular technique works for a while, and then becomes ineffective. If that happens, try something else.

It usually takes several weeks of practice to develop skill in using a technique, so allow some time before expecting results. To be fair, you should practice four or five times a week, setting aside ten to 20 minutes for each session and choosing a time when you won't be disturbed. Learning concentration is a common problem when doing a relaxation practice. The mind tends to wander, so having patience is necessary. Ironically, it takes work to learn how to relax.

There are many good relaxation and meditation tapes available today. Some have step-by-step instructions to lead you through a relaxation procedure, while others have music or relaxing sounds from nature. You may want to use such tapes or record your own from the techniques you find below. If relaxation makes you anxious or seems unpleasant, try other stress reduction techniques.

Focus on Your Breath

When we are under tension and stressed out, our breathing can become shallow or we may hold our breath. Breathing in a deep, relaxed way can reduce your tension and help you relax. Here's one way to do that, by focusing your attention on your breathing. You can use it alone as a stress reduction technique or in combination with other practices, such as those you'll find in the next few pages.

Sit or lie down in a quiet place where you won't be disturbed for a few minutes. Focus your attention on your breathing. Take in a long, slow breath through your nose, hold it one or two seconds and then breathe out through your mouth. The idea is to concentrate your attention on your breathing, keeping it slow and easy.

If you discover that your mind has wandered and you are thinking about something else, just return your attention to your breath. As you breathe in a slow and easy way, you should feel your body relax and a sense of calmness replace anxiety. If you feel dizzy, stop the technique and breathe normally.

Once you feel confident about using this technique, you might try using it when you feel under tension or notice that your breathing has become shallow. For example, it might help you calm down when you are caught in traffic, stuck in line, or engaged in a heated discussion.

The basic principle is to focus on your breathing in order to slow down anxious or negative thoughts and to reduce the adrenaline flowing through your body. Simply noticing your breathing can often reduce anxiety. Sometimes taking even one deep breath and letting it out slowly can reduce anxiety, but don't use this technique if it distracts you from paying attention to the task at hand, such as driving.

The Body Scan

The body scan is a technique that helps you relax your whole body. It is associated with Jon Kabat-Zinn, the director of the Stress Reduction Clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. He recommends that you do it lying down, but any comfortable position is OK. You begin by spending a few minutes focusing on your breath, visualizing it going deeply into your body and then out again.
 

After several minutes, direct your attention to the toes of one foot, becoming aware of any sensations you feel there. Don't try to relax your toes, but rather just concentrate your attention on that part of your body. Paradoxically, that is often sufficient to bring about relaxation. If you find your mind has wandered, bring your attention back to your breathing and to your toes.

After 20 seconds or so, move your attention to the bottom of the foot. Again, don't try to relax it, just become aware of any sensations that are present. Then move on to the top of the foot, the ankle and the calf. When your mind wanders, bring it back to your breath and to the part of your body you are focusing on.

Gradually work through your whole body, moving up one leg to the hip, then doing the other leg starting with the toes. Then move on to the stomach, chest and back, followed by the hands, arms and shoulders. Lastly, focus on the neck, jaw, mouth, eyes, and scalp.

The body scan has two keys: 1) focusing attention on one part of the body at a time without consciously trying to relax it, and 2) returning your attention to the body when your mind wanders.

This technique can also be used for falling asleep, because it helps distract you from thoughts and worries by keeping your attention on your body.

Progressive Relaxation

Another way to relax the body, called progressive relaxation, is the mirror image of the body scan. In this procedure, you first tense and then relax all the major muscle groups in your body, from your feet and calves up to your face and head.
 

As in the body scan, begin by lying down or getting in another comfortable position. Then spend some time doing focused breathing, drawing air in through your nose down into the abdomen and letting it out through the mouth. As you breathe out, imagine that your muscles are heavy and your body is sinking into the surface below you.

Next, become aware of your feet and calves. Pull your toes toward your face, then relax and release the tension. Next, move on to the thighs and buttocks, abdomen and chest, hands and arms, and finally the muscles of the face and head. For each part of the body, first tighten the muscles and then relax them. Now take a deep breath and feel any remaining tension flow out as you breathe out.

Note: Do not use this technique if tensing your muscles will lead to a flare. Try another approach. Some patients are not able to relax their muscles after tensing them.

The Relaxation Response

A technique for creating a state of deep rest is the relaxation response, a tool developed by Dr. Herbert Benson of Harvard. The technique involves keeping your attention on a point of focus, usually a word that you repeat silently to yourself, something like "relax" or "peace." Your mental device could also be a prayer, image or feeling.
 

The key to the technique is to adopt a passive attitude. As you focus on your mental device, you will experience distracting thoughts, images or feelings. Don't worry; it happens to everyone. When you find that you have become distracted, simply return to your point of focus. Some people find it helpful to focus first on their breath and then on their mental device.

Whatever strategy you adopt, use it whenever you discover that your attention has drifted away from your point of focus. You have successfully elicited the relaxation response if you find yourself in a pleasant state like the feeling you might have lying on the beach on a warm day or the sense of detached relaxation you feel just before falling asleep.

Follow these steps to elicit the relaxation response.

1. Get comfortable. Go to a quiet place where you won't be disturbed, assume a comfortable posture and close your eyes. (Sitting is generally preferable, but not required.)

2. Relax your body. Beginning at your feet and moving gradually up to your head, relax the muscles in your body. You might include in your scan of the body your feet, ankles, calves, thighs, stomach, chest, back, hands, arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, mouth, eyes, and scalp.

3. Become aware of your breathing. Spend a short time following your breath. Feel it come in through your nose and go out through your mouth.

4. Concentrate on your point of focus. On each out-breath, say your chosen word or focus on your chosen symbol or feeling.

5. Continue for ten to 20 minutes. If you find yourself distracted from your point of focus, return your attention to your breathing and your focus word or phrase. When you finish, sit quietly for a few minutes.
 

Relaxation through Imagery
Imagery, too, can be used for relaxation. The technique below, which comes from Dr. David Spiegel of Stanford, illustrates the principle that it is very difficult to be anxious when physically relaxed. When you are worried about something, you can use this technique both to calm yourself and to work at solving the problem that is bothering you. The goal, as described by Spiegel, is to help you think about a problem constructively "in such a way that you leave your body out of it."

The steps are as follows:

1. Imagine yourself floating. Close your eyes and feel your body float. You can imagine that it is floating in a bath, a lake or in space. The intent is to experience a pleasant sensation of floating relaxation.

2. Picture an imaginary screen and place a pleasant scene on it. As you continue to float, imagine a screen in your mind's eye. It can be a movie, television or computer screen, or a piece of sky. Then picture on the screen a pleasant scene, a place you enjoy. Your memories and fantasies of the place will help you feel more comfortable. If you are seeking relaxation only, you can stop here. If you have a specific worry you want to work on, continue.

3. Picture your worry on the screen. If you are worried about something, picture some aspect of it on the imaginary screen. As you do so, remember to allow your body to continue to float. Even though you are worried, don't let your body get caught up in your tension. If you start to feel more tense, turn your attention away from the worry and reestablish your sense of floating relaxation. You can use your pleasant image to help you reestablish the sense of floating.

4. Divide the screen in half and put an image of the worry on the left. Next, imagine a line through the center of the screen, dividing it into two equal parts. Put the image of what worries you on the left side of the screen.

5. Use the right side of the screen to brainstorm solutions. Imagine that the right side is the problem-solving screen. Be open to thoughts and ideas without trying to evaluate or judge them. After reviewing several possible solutions, think about which might work best. The combination of keeping a sense of floating in your body while looking at your worry and possible solutions on the screen enables you to face your fears in a relaxed state.

Guided Imagery

A similar approach is called guided imagery. It uses our ability to create scenes in our mind as a way to distract us from worry and help us relax. This approach usually has three steps.
 

1. Focus on your breathing. Become comfortable in a quiet place and close your eyes. Watch your breath as it comes into and goes out of your body. Continue to focus on your breathing for a few minutes and feel your tension release.

2. Visualize a relaxing scene. Imagine a scene in which you can immerse yourself. It might be sitting on the beach on a warm summer day, walking through a pine forest or remembering some place that gives you warm, pleasant feelings. The specific scene is not as important as how the scene makes you feel. Involve as many of your senses as you can.

The more you use, the more relaxing the scene will be. If you are at the beach, see and hear the waves crashing on the sand, feel the warmth of the sun on your face and the wind against your skin, smell the ocean. If you are in a forest, smell the pine needles, hear the birds call and the water babble in the stream, and see the soft light coming down through the branches of the trees.

The idea is to picture a scene in such detail that you feel so comfortable, safe and relaxed that your frustrations and worries fall away, replaced by serenity and calm.

3. Come back to the present time and place. After ten to 15 minutes, gradually shift your attention back to your body and the present place. When you feel comfortable, open your eyes.

Changing Your Thinking

As mentioned earlier, our thoughts can be a source of stress. This section offers a three-step process for gradually altering your thoughts so they help you rather than increase your suffering. Using this guide, you can learn to reframe your situation, seeing it in a new way that is both more realistic and less stressful.

This approach is based on changing the internal conversations you have with yourself. We all talk to ourselves all the time. Some of the talk is about things outside us. For example, when we find something we've lost, we might say to ourselves, "There it is." Another part of our inner dialogue is about ourselves. It is the things we say to ourselves about ourselves. For example, when we can't find something, we might say something like, "You dummy; you're always losing things."

This self-talk is a habitual way of responding to experience, often an internal critic who can be very pessimistic. For example, if you experience a relapse, your inner voice might say something like, "You'll never get any better. Every time you try something, you fail."

It is not easy to observe your self-talk at these times, because thoughts like these are habitual. But your self-talk can have a big effect on your mood and your self-esteem. Unnecessarily negative thoughts make you feel anxious, sad and hopeless. These feelings, in turn, make it difficult to act constructively. Preoccupation with suffering may even intensify symptoms and trigger more negative thinking. The cycle can be very demoralizing, making it difficult to motivate yourself.

Recognizing Automatic Thoughts

The first step to changing your habitual thinking is to recognize it. This is not easy to do because our thoughts are automatic, so deeply ingrained that they seem self-evident. But if you can recognize the thoughts, you gain some distance from them and remove their self-evident character, the first step to changing your internal critic into an internal cheerleader.

The technique I will outline for recognizing and gradually changing automatic thoughts is the Thought Record, which is described in the book Mind Over Mood by Dennis Greenberger and Christine Padesky. Using this form offers one way to become aware of automatic thoughts and their effects on your mood and behavior. You can find similar techniques in other books, such as Learned Optimism by Martin Seligman or Feeling Good by David Burns or learn them from psychologists who specialize in cognitive therapy.
 

To see how this technique works, imagine a patient who took a walk one day and felt very tired when she got home. Feeling depressed and hopeless, she asked herself what thoughts were going through her mind at that point. They were, "I'll never get better. Every time I try something, it fails."

She recorded her experience in the first three columns of the Thought Record (see below). In column 1, she wrote a description of the event. In the second column, she recorded her emotions at the time of the event. And, in the third column, she wrote the thoughts going through her mind when the emotions were strongest.
 

The purpose of this exercise is to help you gain some distance from your thoughts, to remove their taken-for-granted or self-evident character. Because these thoughts are automatic, they can be hard to recognize and it can take some time to develop this skill. To capture your automatic thoughts, fill out a Thought Record as soon as you can when an upsetting event occurs.

Evaluating Automatic Thoughts
Once you identify your automatic thoughts by recording them, evaluate them to separate truth from distortions and irrationalities. To help you determine to what extent your automatic thoughts are valid, ask yourself what is the evidence for and against your thoughts. Use column 4 in the Thought Record for evidence in favor of your initial thoughts and column 5 for evidence against.

The idea is to suspend your belief that the automatic thoughts are true and, instead, look for evidence both pro and con. Writing down the evidence you find helps you gain distance from your thoughts and makes them less self-evident. By stepping back, you can more easily see how your automatic thoughts may ignore facts or select only the worst aspects of a situation.

Thought Record #2

1- Event	2- Emotions	3-Initial Thoughts	4- Pro	5- Con
Walked 30 min. Very tired after	depressed hopeless	I'll never get better. Everytime I try something, it fails.	I have frequent setbacks. Exercise often makes me worse.	Overall I'm better than a year ago. Many people recover.

Your thoughts at moments of strong emotion may seem irrefutable, so it may help to have in mind some questions you can ask yourself in order to find evidence that does not support your thoughts. Among them:

• Do I know of situations in which the thought is not completely true all the time?
• If someone else had this thought, what would I tell them?
• When I felt this way in the past, what did I think that helped me feel better?
• Five years from now, am I likely to view this situation differently?
• Am I blaming myself for something not under my control?

Seeing Alternatives

In the last step, you propose a new understanding of your experience. What you write in column 6 of the Thought Record should be either an alternative interpretation of your experience (if you refuted the thought) or a balanced thought that summarizes the valid points for and against (if the evidence was mixed).

In either case, what you write should be consistent with the evidence you recorded in columns 4 and 5. At first, this process may seem artificial and contrived, but it has a point: you are training yourself in a new, more balanced and realistic explanatory style. You are learning to replace one habitual interpretation of experience with another.

Reviewing what she had written in columns 4 and 5, our patient decided that the evidence was mixed. She wrote in column 6 a balanced thought that combined the evidence for and the evidence against.

 

Realistic Thinking, Not Positive Thinking

The process described in this section involves changing deeply ingrained habits of thought. The long-term results can be dramatic, but improvement is gradual, and there may be some bumps along the road. Becoming aware of negative thoughts may produce a short-term drop in mood.

The process suggested here does not involve replacing negative thoughts with positive, but inaccurate, thoughts. I am not suggesting you adopt something like the motto "every day, in every way, I am getting better and better." Rather, the goal is to learn to see your situation in an accurate, yet hopeful, manner, retraining your habits of thought in a more realistic direction.

The kind of thinking advocated here integrates all evidence, both positive and negative, in a balanced fashion. Using this way of understanding your experience, you acknowledge the negatives in your life, but praise yourself for your successes. This approach should reduce your stress by helping you feel better, less anxious and sad. And, at the same time, it should help you to deal more effectively with your illness.

The value of being realistically positive was expressed well by one of the leaders in our self-help program, a woman with multiple medical problems, who wrote the following to her class:

One of the most valuable techniques I use to keep my attitude positive is to consciously congratulate myself for each small victory. These may be things as simple as getting dressed in the morning, or making myself pause in my activities to take a fifteen-minute pre-emptive rest. I may not seem to have done much by the end of the day, but I know how much I have accomplished when I remember all the times I could sincerely congratulate myself.

References

Benson, Herbert. The Relaxation Response. New York: Morrow, 1975.

Burns, David. Feeling Good. New York: Morrow, 1980.

Greenberger, Dennis and Christine Padesky. Mind Over Mood: Change How You Feel by Changing the Way You Think. New York: Guilford Press, 1995.

Hallowell, Edward. Worry. New York: Ballantine Books, 1997.
 

Kabat-Zinn, Jon. Full Catastrophe Living. New York: Dell, 1990.

Seligman, Martin. Learned Optimism. New York: Knopf, 1991.

Spiegel, David. Living Beyond Limits. New York: Times Books, 1993.

 

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12: Exercise, Nutrition and Chemical Sensitivity

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14: Managing Feelings

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